Inverge Journal of Social Sciences
type: channel
description: The Inverge Journal of Social Sciences (IJSS) is an online, open-access journal with double-blind peer review. Academic essays and research articles/papers are all published in the IJSS. Scholars of any age or from any profession are welcome to submit their scholarly research to the IJSS. In its publications, the IJSS covers all social science disciplines, including but not limited to the following fields: Development Studies Economics Entrepreneurship Education Gender Studies International Relations Management Sciences (Marketing, Finance, HRM, Project Management, Information Management, & others) Media Sciences Political Science Psychology Sustainable Development Goals Sociology IJSS is an online, open-access journal that offers publishing and research services to the academic and business sectors. Double-blind peer review is used to manage articles and papers by the IJSS. Frequency: Quarterly Dr. Muhammad Asif Editor-in-Chief Inverge Journal of Social Sciences (IJSS) ISSN (Online): 2959-4359, ISSN (Print): 3007-2018 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/InvergeJSS/ Note: Authors are urged to use the IJSS online submission platform to submit their work electronically. Please adhere to the guidelines listed for each step of the online submission procedure. Before submitting, kindly adhere to the Author Guidelines as well.
publisher: Inverge Consultancy (pvt) Ltd
language: en-US
publication name: Inverge Journal of Social Sciences
issn: 3007-2018
copyright: The work is concurrently licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, which permits others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the authorship and the work's original publication in this journal, while the authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication.
items: The Influence of Government Policies and Business Environment on Entrepreneurial Growth in Edo State, Nigeria
items: Between Promise and Appropriation: A Systematic Budget Analysis of Pakistan’s Constitutional Obligation to Safeguard Minority Rights Across Federal and Provincial Governments (2021–22 to 2025–26)
items: Workplace Mistreatment and Suicidal Behaviour: The Mediating Role of Hopelessness and Depression
items: Climate-Augmented Taylor Rule: Integrating Climate-Induced Supply Shocks into Monetary Policy for Asian Economies
items: The Role of Landscape Context, Management Intensity, and Vegetation Heterogeneity in Shaping Urban Park Multifunctionality – A Case Study of Chengdu
items: Reimagining Education beyond Borders: A Review of Global Competence, Curriculum Transformation, and Future Learning Systems
items: Health Care Seeking Behaviour of Street Children in Rawalpindi

The Influence of Government Policies and Business Environment on Entrepreneurial Growth in Edo State, Nigeria
type: item
description: This empirical study investigates the nexus between government policy frameworks, the prevailing business environment, and the growth trajectories of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in Edo State, Nigeria. Despite the widely acknowledged centrality of entrepreneurship to economic development in lower-income countries, the localized policy-growth relationship remains empirically thin, largely due to persistent institutional bottlenecks, inconsistent regulatory enforcement, and limited formal support structures reported by local entrepreneurs. To bridge this gap, a cross-sectional survey design was adopted to collect primary data from 200 entrepreneurs selected across the three senatorial districts using a multistage sampling technique. The analytical framework integrated descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlation, one-way analysis of variance, and multiple linear regression. All measurement instruments underwent reverse coding and item purification, with internal consistency rigorously confirmed via Cronbach's alpha coefficients. The empirical results indicate that perceived government policy (r = 0.040, p = 0.571) and the general business environment (r = -0.040, p = 0.574) lack any statistically discernible association with entrepreneurial growth. Furthermore, no significant sectoral differences in growth performance were observed (F(5, 194) = 0.823, p = 0.535). Descriptive outputs reveal only moderate entrepreneurial vitality alongside notable policy skepticism, as the majority of respondents explicitly credited their business progress to personal resilience rather than external institutional interventions.These findings collectively point to a systemic structural disconnect where policy design fails to effectively translate into tangible entrepreneurial outcomes. Crucially, the absence of significant correlations does not imply policy irrelevance; rather, it signals that weak administrative enforcement, deficient policy communic…
creator: Victor Olufunso Akinlolu-Ojo
creator: Dominic Ativie
creator: Enyinna Okpara
creator: Patrick S. Ohikhena
creator: Susan Chioma Udeh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Victor Olufunso Akinlolu-Ojo, Dominic Ativie, Enyinna Okpara, Patrick S. Ohikhena , Susan Chioma Udeh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-07-01
publication date: 2026-07-01
volume: 5
number: 4
starting page: 1
ending page: 14
doi: 10.63544/ijss.v5i4.310

Between Promise and Appropriation: A Systematic Budget Analysis of Pakistan’s Constitutional Obligation to Safeguard Minority Rights Across Federal and Provincial Governments (2021–22 to 2025–26)
type: item
description: Pakistan’s Constitution obligates the state to safeguard the rights of its religious minorities, who constitute approximately 3.5 to 4 percent of the national population. However, this declaratory guarantee has historically lacked an empirically testable fiscal benchmark, leaving the operational reality of minority welfare provisioning largely unexamined across multiple tiers of government. This study aims to operationalize the constitutional mandate as a measurable standard. It seeks to systematically extract, classify, and compare minority-directed public expenditure in Pakistan across the federal and four provincial governments (Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan). It does so over a five-year period (2021–22 to 2025–26), while identifying structural mechanisms of fiscal exclusion. A mixed-methods documentary analysis was employed to audit official demand-for-grant schedules and budget publications. Line items were categorized using a standardized four-category coding scheme. The analysis integrated real-terms inflation adjustments, geographic-demographic correspondence mapping utilizing census data, and triangulation against an independent human rights conditions baseline. The audit reveals a severe real-terms contraction in federal minority-directed spending alongside profound spatial inequalities, epitomized by Sindh concentrating over 96 percent of its dedicated fund in two urban divisions. Crucially, budget architecture actively forecloses constitutional compliance verification. This is demonstrated by the absence of demographic tracking in mainstream sector budgets and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s structural misclassification of nearly two billion rupees of majority-serving stipends under the minority affairs functional code. Furthermore, state allocations remain entirely disconnected from documented crises of communal violence. Budgetary opacity and administrative inertia operate as primary mechanisms of fiscal exclusion, rendering constitutional pr…
creator: Muhammad Kashif Mirza
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Kashif Mirza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-07-01
publication date: 2026-07-01
volume: 5
number: 4
starting page: 15
ending page: 28
doi: 10.63544/ijss.v5i4.312

Workplace Mistreatment and Suicidal Behaviour: The Mediating Role of Hopelessness and Depression
type: item
description: By integrating the Affective Event Theory and Hopelessness Theory of Suicide, this research study investigates the direct and indirect impact of workplace mistreatment on suicidal behavior in Pakistani bureaucrats. Based on a cross-sectional sample of 263 employees working in the government, the analysis will be done using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) through SmartPLS 4.0. The model was able to test the direct, indirect, and serial hopelessness and depression mediation pathway. Findings in the workplace thwarting determine that mistreatment in the workplace is a significant predictor of suicidal behavior, both direct and indirect, with hopelessness , ) and depression ( , ). The observed chain: mistreatment hopelessness depression suicidal behavior also showed a significant serial mediation effect at ( , ) and was able to explain 42.1% of the variance in the dependent construct. The results highlight the significance of early emotional programs in curbing suicidal consequences, especially in inflexible, high-power distance environments. This study contributes to the field of organizational psychology by demonstrating that affective and cognitive degradation coincide in unhealthy bureaucracies, leading to severe health outcomes. References Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological review, 96(2), 358. Aquino, K., Grover, S. L., Bradfield, M., & Allen, D. G. (1999). The effects of negative affectivity, hierarchical status, and self-determination on workplace victimization. Academy of management journal, 42(3), 260-272. Aquino, K., & Thau, S. (2009). Workplace victimization: Aggression from the target's perspective. Annual review of psychology, 60(1), 717-741. Ashkanasy, N. M., & Daus, C. S. (2002). Emotion in the workplace: The new challenge for managers. Academy of Management Perspectives, 16(1), 76-86. Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job d…
creator: Abdul Rehman
creator: Laila Shahbaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Rehman, Laila Shahbaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-07-01
publication date: 2026-07-01
volume: 5
number: 4
starting page: 29
ending page: 45
doi: 10.63544/ijss.v5i4.315

Climate-Augmented Taylor Rule: Integrating Climate-Induced Supply Shocks into Monetary Policy for Asian Economies
type: item
description: This study aims to assess the monetary policy behaviour in nine Asian economies, namely, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia, and determine whether a Climateächlich Taylor Rule (CATR) is more representative of the monetary policy behaviour for the period 2002-2024. The analysis is based on the standard Taylor framework, but with a composite Climate Shock Index (CSI) based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of temperature anomalies, rainfall deviations and disaster-related indicators, which are used as proxies for climate-driven supply shocks. Results indicate that climate shocks have a positive and statistically significant impact on policy interest rate, even after controlling for inflation and output conditions, using dynamic panel techniques including diagnostic testing and robustness checks. Country-specific coefficients indicate a stronger climate response for more Agriculture-dependent and climate-vulnerable economies like that of Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, implying high cross-country heterogeneity. The results overall suggest that conventional Taylor rule types are incomplete when facing rising climate risks and argue for the inclusion of climate variables in monetary policy reaction functions for the emerging Asian economies. References Ahmed, I., & Asif, M. (2026). The Role of HR in Managing Quiet Quitting and Employee Disengagement in Gen Z Employees of Telecom Sector. Policy Journal of Social Science Review, 4(6), 118-151. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20581688 Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277–297. Asian Development Bank. (2024). Global shocks and monetary policy transmission in emerging markets. https://www.adb.org/ Asian Economics Letters. (2025). Monetary policy effectiveness under climate uncertainty: A Bayesian dynamic stochastic gen…
creator: Hina Shafiq
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hina Shafiq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-07-05
publication date: 2026-07-05
volume: 5
number: 4
starting page: 46
ending page: 56
doi: 10.63544/ijss.v5i4.316

The Role of Landscape Context, Management Intensity, and Vegetation Heterogeneity in Shaping Urban Park Multifunctionality – A Case Study of Chengdu
type: item
description: Infrastructure Urban parks are very essential elements of green infrastructure, which provide various ecosystems services such as regulation of microclimates, sequestration of carbon, preservation of biodiversity, and recreation. But the size itself does not dictate the performance of parks. The paper examines the potential of the trio of linked aspects landscape context, management intensity, and vegetation heterogeneity to collectively influence urban park multifunctionality in Chengdu, a fast-urbanizing subtropical mega city. A stratified 3 x 3 x 3 sampling design was applied to categorize the parks by gradients of impervious cover surrounding maintenance intensity surrounding the park and vegetation diversity giving the 60 representative parks under 19 functional combinations. Multifunctionality has been measured based on the cooling intensity, storage of carbon, biodiversity, and recreational value. Spatial autocorrelations were studied with the help of the Morans I, and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) were used to measure both global and local drivers. Findings show that vegetation heterogeneity is the most significant positive predictor of multifunctionality (β = 4.04, p < 0.001), which has a significant positive impact on biodiversity and cooling capacity. However, the management intensity exhibits a strong negative correlation (β = −0.058, p < 0.001), which indicates the theory of making ecological trade-offs in the intensive maintenance regimes. Independent effects of park area and surrounding impervious cover are weaker than internal composition when internal composition is taken into consideration. Multifunctionality is highly clustered in space, which is mainly identified using spatial analysis, and GWR is seen to enhance the model performance (Adjusted R2 = 0.78) considerably by capturing the local variation. The results have shown that, urban park multifunctionality develops as a result of interaction between …
creator: Kamran Ahmed
creator: Muhammad Bilal
creator: Mudassir Aziz
creator: Saman Asif
creator: Sohail Abbas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Bilal, Kamran Ahmed, Saman Asif Saman Asif , Sohail Abbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-07-08
publication date: 2026-07-08
volume: 5
number: 4
starting page: 57
ending page: 75
doi: 10.63544/ijss.v5i4.317

Reimagining Education beyond Borders: A Review of Global Competence, Curriculum Transformation, and Future Learning Systems
type: item
description: Globalization, digitalization, climate change and interculturalism are unprecedented challenges for education systems globally. This literature review explores the ways in which global competence frameworks, curriculum transformation and the future learning systems could equip learners with the necessary skills to thrive in a borderless and interconnected society. The researcher analysed 46 peer-reviewed publications (2017-2025) in order to capture and critically consider the current conceptualisations of global competence (OECD and UNESCO frameworks) and curriculum reform efforts from content-based to competence-based models. The review identifies pedagogical strategies that are effective for global learning such as project-based learning, collaborative online international learning (COIL), and inquiry-based learning. Barriers to implementation in the Global North and South, such as digital inequities, teacher preparedness, and policy fragmentation are analysed. The paper suggests an integrated model that connects five dimensions globally – global competence, curriculum transformation, intercultural pedagogy, digital and future learning systems, and equity/sustainability/civic responsibility. Implications are for policy makers, teachers, and researchers. We believe that fostering global competence is a systemic and equitable transformation that integrates the concept into curricula, pedagogy, assessment, teacher development, and relies on digital infrastructure with sustainability and social justice dimensions. References Ahadi, A., Bower, M., Lai, J., Singh, A., & Garrett, M. (2024). Evaluation of teacher professional learning workshops on the use of technology: A systematic review. Professional Development in Education, 50(1), 221–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2021.2011773 Ahmad, E. A. (2024). Revolutionizing learning: Leveraging social media platforms for empowering open educational resources. International Journal of e-Learning and Higher Education, 19(…
creator: Muhammad Rafiq-uz-Zaman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Rafiq-uz-Zaman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-07-12
publication date: 2026-07-12
volume: 5
number: 4
starting page: 76
ending page: 93
doi: 10.63544/ijss.v5i4.318

Health Care Seeking Behaviour of Street Children in Rawalpindi
type: item
description: Background: Street children experience substantial barriers to healthcare due to poverty, social exclusion, inadequate education, and unstable living conditions, making them highly vulnerable to poor health outcomes. Objective: The objective of this research was to identify the health seeking behaviour of street children in Rawalpindi, focusing on the socio-economic challenges and informal healthcare practices that influence their access to medical care. Methodology: This study used a phenomenological research design, in which qualitative methods (observations, recorded interviews) were used to examine the living and health conditions of 20 street children aged 10-19 and the data were analysed by means of Thematic Analysis. Results: Findings revealed critical barriers to health care access, including low education levels, financial instability, and poor health care experiences. Additionally, nutritional deprivation and experiences of stigma within formal healthcare settings contribute to adverse health outcomes, with many children resorting to self-medication and informal healthcare Practices. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the need for targeted interventions to include the quality of life of street children in Rawalpindi, addressing both their immediate health needs and broader economic factors that perpetuated their vulnerable status. References Abdullah, M. A., Basharat, Z., Lodhi, O., Wazir, M. H., Khan, H. T., Sattar, N. Y., & Zahid, A. (2014). A qualitative exploration of Pakistan's street children, as a consequence of the poverty-disease cycle. Infect Dis Poverty, 3(1), 11. doi: 10.1186/2049-9957-3-11 Ahsan, S., Orakzai, A. A., Hussain, H., Orakzai, M. A., & Huma, N. (2021). Health Status and Health Seeking Behaviour of Street Children inas Peshawar. Journal of Saidu Medical College, 11(2), 78-83. Alsager, A., Franchett, E., Siyal, S., Bhamani, S., Yousafzai, A. K., & Sudfeld, C. R. (2025). Household Food Insecurity, Growth and Development of Preschool Chi…
creator: Tamia Zafar
creator: Naeema Hanif
creator: Hira Nadeem
creator: Zarak Khan
creator: Muqadas Zahra
creator: Sidra Sajid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Tamia Zafar, Naeema Hanif, Hira Nadeem, Zarak Khan, Muqadas Zahra, Sidra Sajid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-07-16
publication date: 2026-07-16
volume: 5
number: 4
starting page: 94
ending page: 101
doi: 10.63544/ijss.v5i4.319