Plant Community Structure and Abundance Along Roadsides in the Eastern Hindu Kush: Implications for Local Livelihoods and Sustainable Development

Abstract

Roadside vegetation in mountainous rangelands contributes to ecosystem functioning, livestock grazing resources, and the ecological well-being of local communities. This study assessed plant community structure and abundance along roadsides in the Eastern Hindu Kush, with particular emphasis on density, frequency, cover, biomass, and carrying capacity under contrasting vegetation conditions. The study was conducted at two sites, Kandow and Bahadur Sar, in Shangla District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A quantitative quadrat method was used, and a total of 100 sample plots, 50 at each site, were established at 5 m intervals to assess and compare roadside vegetation characteristics. Several plant species were recorded, with “Cyperus rotundus” and “Rumex dentatus” among the prominent species observed in the study area. The results showed differences in vegetation density, frequency, cover, biomass, and carrying capacity between the two study sites. Vegetation characteristics were generally higher in the more abundant roadside areas, whereas lower density, frequency, and biomass were associated with areas experiencing greater human and livestock disturbance. “Cyperus rotundus” showed the highest values for several vegetation parameters, indicating its dominance within the sampled plant communities. The estimated carrying capacity also differed between the two sites, reflecting variation in vegetation productivity and forage availability. The findings suggest that anthropogenic activities, including livestock grazing and dependence on surrounding natural resources, may contribute to vegetation degradation and reduced resource availability. These changes have potential implications for the resources that support local livelihoods, particularly livestock-based activities, and highlight the importance of sustainable vegetation and rangeland management in the Eastern Hindu Kush. The study provides baseline information for vegetation conservation, sustainable grazing management, and the maintenance of ecosystem resources that contribute to local livelihood security.

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