Human Nature and Divine Purpose: Contrasting Ontologies in Islamic and Western Philosophy

Abstract

This paper provides a comparative analysis of Islamic and Western philosophies, exploring their perspectives on human nature, the universe, society, and the relationship between the individual and society. Islamic philosophy, rooted in the Quran and influenced by Greek, Persian, and Indian traditions, integrates theological and metaphysical thought, emphasizing divine purpose and moral responsibility. In contrast, Western philosophy, evolving from ancient Greek rationalism to modern existentialism, adopts diverse epistemological and ethical paradigms, often prioritizing empirical inquiry and human autonomy. Using a qualitative approach, this study examines key philosophical frameworks, drawing insights from influential scholars such as Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, Al-Ghazali, Plato, Aristotle, Kant, and Nietzsche. The analysis highlights areas of convergence and divergence, demonstrating how these traditions have shaped intellectual discourse and societal development. The findings suggest that while both traditions address fundamental philosophical questions, their distinct ontological and epistemological orientations reflect broader theological and cultural influences. This study contributes to the ongoing discourse on intercultural philosophy and its implications for contemporary thought.

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