Analysing the Impact of Education Policies and Their Implementation on the School Education System in Punjab, Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63544/ijss.v4i1.136Keywords:
Education Policy of Pakistan, Punjab Education System, Policy Implementation Gap, Educational Reform, Teacher DevelopmentAbstract
In Punjab, Pakistan, a province whose educational outcomes are pivotal to national development, the school system continues to struggle with significant challenges in access, quality, and equity. Despite a long history of ambitious education policies, a persistent and critical gap exists between policy intentions and their practical implementation, leaving many students without quality learning opportunities and teachers without adequate support. This narrative review analyzes the landscape of education policy and reform since 2001, synthesizing a wide body of evidence from policy documents, peer-reviewed academic research, and government reports to diagnose the root causes of this systemic implementation failure. The findings reveal several interconnected bottlenecks that consistently stall improvement. Chronic policy inconsistency, driven by volatile political cycles, prevents long-term strategies from taking root. Weak monitoring and evaluation systems render it nearly impossible to track progress or make evidence-based adjustments, while deep-seated urban-rural disparities in funding and resources perpetuate cycles of inequality. These issues are compounded by systemic corruption and administrative inefficiency that divert critical funds and erode public trust. Crucially, the review highlights a pervasive lack of meaningful stakeholder engagement in the policy process, which undermines local ownership and the sustainability of reforms. The paper argues that breaking this cycle requires a fundamental shift away from top-down reforms towards more adaptive and participatory strategies. This involves a concerted effort to strengthen policy coherence, invest in teacher capacity through continuous professional development, leverage technology for transparency, and empower communities through participatory monitoring to finally bridge the policy-practice gap.
References
Abbasi, B. N., Yang, C., & Sohail, A. (2023). Uncovering basic educational skills and intelligence among women and children in rural Pakistan. SN Social Sciences, 3(7), 116.
Adnan, M., Xiao, B., Bibi, S., Xiao, P., Zhao, P., & Wang, H. (2024). Addressing current climate issues in Pakistan: An opportunity for a sustainable future. Environmental Challenges, 15, 100887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2024.100887
Afzal, M., Butt, A. R., Akbar, R. A., & Roshi, S. (2013). Gender disparity in Pakistan: A case of middle and secondary education in Punjab. Journal of Research and Reflections in Education, 7(2), 113–124.
Ahmad, N., Shaheen, N., & Hussain, S. (2024). Gender disparities in universal primary education: An analysis of women's education and policy implications in Pakistan (1947–2017). European Journal of Education, 59(2), e12638. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12638
Aina, A. N. (2024). Education policy in border areas: A narrative literature review. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Administrasi Publik, 14(1), 81. https://doi.org/10.26858/jiap.v14i1.62758
Al Lily, A. E., Ismail, A. F., Abunasser, F. M., & Alqahtani, R. H. A. (2020). Distance education as a response to pandemics: Coronavirus and Arab culture. Technology in Society, 63, 101317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101317
Alghamdi, J., & Holland, C. (2020). A comparative analysis of policies, strategies and programmes for information and communication technology integration in education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Republic of Ireland. Education and Information Technologies, 25(6), 4721–4745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10191-7
Ansari, A., Fasih, T., & Humphry, E. (2024). Ten years of early childhood education (ECE) in Punjab (Pakistan): What have we learned? Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 38(Suppl. 1), S161–S179.
Aslam, M., Saeed, S., Hagos, B., & Jamil, B. (2024). Parental/caregiver engagement in early learning systems: Findings from Early Learning Partnership (ELP) COVID-19 research in Pakistan and Ethiopia. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 38(Suppl. 1), S39–S60.
Azam, J., & Durrani, R. (2024). Recruitment policies for primary school educators and national professional standards: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Education and Social Studies, 5(2), 203–213.
Azhar, M., & Kayani, M. M. (2017). Study of the impact of training of novice teachers in the context of transformative learning in Punjab, Pakistan. Advanced Education, 84-91.
Bana, Z., & Khaki, J. E. A. (2015). Exploring leadership practices of principals of government elementary colleges of education in Pakistan. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 18(4), 464–486.
Batool, I., Arif, S., Ali, S. Z., & Jabeen, S. (2022). Leadership and management in public schools: Opportunities and challenges faced by school leaders in Punjab. Journal of Social Sciences Advancement, 3(4), 240–249.
Boafo, Y. A., Boakye-Danquah, J., Boakye-Danquah, E., Lartey, D. L., & Obeng-Odoom, A. (2024). Perceptions and enablers of sustainable development: A comparative study of Ghanaian university students’ engagement with the SDGs. Higher Education, [Online First], 1–30.
Butler, D., Leahy, M., Charania, A., Gedara, P. M., Keane, T., Laferrière, T., ... & Bocconi, S. (2024). Aligning digital educational policies with the new realities of schooling. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, [Online First], 1–19.
Černevičienė, J., & Kabašinskas, A. (2024). Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) in finance: A systematic literature review. Artificial Intelligence Review, 57(8), 216.
Cheema, A., Morris, L., Suresh, A., Carhart, B., Thomson, C., Synan, L., ... & Chimienti, S. N. (2023). Educational policy development as a leadership experience: Inclusive institutional change. Medical Science Educator, 33(6), 1565–1570.
Creutzig, F., Becker, S., Berrill, P., Bongs, C., Bussler, A., Cave, B., ... & Zekar, A. (2024). Towards a public policy of cities and human settlements in the 21st century. npj Urban Sustainability, 4(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42949-024-00133-4
Cui, Y., Ma, Z., Wang, L., Yang, A., Liu, Q., Kong, S., & Wang, H. (2023). A survey on big data-enabled innovative online education systems during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 8(1), 100295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2023.100295
Damoah, B., & Omodan, B. I. (2022). Determinants of effective environmental education policy in South African schools. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 3, 100206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2022.100206
El-Hamamsy, L., Chessel-Lazzarotto, F., Bruno, B., Roy, D., Cahlikova, T., Chevalier, M., ... & Mondada, F. (2021). A computer science and robotics integration model for primary school: Evaluation of a large-scale in-service K-4 teacher-training program. Education and Information Technologies, 26, 2445–2475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10355-5
Emeka, E. T., Asongu, S. A., & Bouanza, J. R. (2025). Lifelong gender inclusive education, productive capacity, and governance quality in Africa. International Journal of Educational Development, 117, 103312.
Farooqi, S., & Forbes, T. (2020). Enacted discretion: Policy implementation, local government reform and education services in Pakistan. Public Management Review, 22(8), 1217–1239. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2019.1648698
Fatima, F., Ali, S., Raza, H., Siddiqi, F. A., & Ali, S. (2025). Empowering climate action through policy analysis and education in Gilgit-Baltistan: A comprehensive mixed method analysis. Frontiers in Climate, 7, 1527694.
Fatima, R., Abid, S. A. A., Riaz, K., & Ahmed, M. S. S. (2024). An investigation of gender disparities in the enrollment rate of Pakistan: A case comparison between male and female children. KASBIT Business Journal, 17(3), [Page Range].
Goldenthal, H. J., Gill, T., Rivera, C., Gouze, K. R., & Cicchetti, C. (2024). Implementing trauma-informed care in a special education setting: An initial exploration of a multi-tiered model. Evaluation and Program Planning, 103, 102407.
Gulati, R., Charles, V., & Kumar, S. (2024). School education development index: A meta-frontier range directional measure benefit-of-the-doubt model. *Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 92*, 101823.
Halai, A., & Durrani, N. (2020). School education system in Pakistan: Expansion, access, and equity. In Handbook of Education Systems in South Asia (pp. 1–30). Springer.
Hasan, S. T., Murtaza, G., Shamshad, T., & Imran, M. (2023). Challenges regarding access to higher education among rural women in Punjab Pakistan: Impact & implication. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 11(2), 2552–2558.
Hennessy, S., D'Angelo, S., McIntyre, N., Koomar, S., Kreimeia, A., Cao, L., ... & Zubairi, A. (2022). Technology use for teacher professional development in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Computers and Education Open, 3, 100080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2022.100080
Huma, A., Rizwan, S., & Rafique, R. (2022). Comparative analysis of policy perspectives for technical and vocational education. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 9(1), 130–156.
Hussain, M., & Akhter, N. (2025). Enhancing teacher performance and educational environments in special education institutions: A study of challenges and opportunities in Pakistan. The Critical Review of Social Sciences Studies, 3(1), 1318–1332.
Hussain, Z., Adeeb, A., & Aslam, H. D. (2011). Curriculum implementation and feedback mechanism at secondary school level in Punjab Pakistan. International Journal of Learning and Development, 1(2), 92–98.
Iqbal, Z., & Sami, A. (2020). Role of technology in science classrooms: An exploratory study of Pakistan. International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning, 12(2), 115–126.
Islam, R. (2017). School council policy in Punjab: Policy formulation without participation of stakeholders. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 5, 39–51.
Jahanzaib, M., & Fatima, G. (2021). Inclusive education opportunities in Punjab Pakistan: A locale based comparison. Sustainable Business and Society in Emerging Economies, 3(3), 301–308.
Jamal, B., Niazi, S., Arshad, R., Muhammad, W., Manzoor, F., Khan, M. H. N., ... & Naseem, A. (2023). Addressing gender disparities in education: Empowering girls through education in Pakistan. Russian Law Journal, 11(12S), 15–25.
Jan, A., Parveen, A., & Akhtar, M. S. (2024). Relationship of strategic plan implementation, resource utilization, and institutional effectiveness at secondary school level in Punjab, Pakistan. Research Journal for Societal Issues, 6(1), 101–108.
Javed, M., Eng, L. S., Mohamed, A. R., Mushtaq, I., & Hashim, N. (2012). The role of the Punjab Education Foundation Pakistan in teachers’ training in private sector schools under public-private partnership. International Journal of Learning and Development, 2(3), 199–216.
Johnson, B. A., Kumar, P., Okano, N., Dasgupta, R., & Shivakoti, B. R. (2022). Nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation: A systematic review of systematic reviews. *Nature-Based Solutions, 2*, 100042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbsj.2022.100042
Jolles, M. P., Fort, M. P., & Glasgow, R. E. (2024). Aligning the planning, development, and implementation of complex interventions to local contexts with an equity focus: Application of the PRISM/RE-AIM Framework. International Journal for Equity in Health, 23(1), 41.
Jose, I., & Sivaraman, S. (2023). Gender inequality and gender gap: An overview of the Indian scenario. Gender Issues, 40(2), 232–254.
Jourdan, D., Gray, N. J., Barry, M. M., Caffe, S., Cornu, C., Diagne, F., ... & Sawyer, S. M. (2021). Supporting every school to become a foundation for healthy lives. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 5(4), 295–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30316-3
Kaur, N. (2018). Impacts of certain imposed factors on education and educationists in Punjab, India. Advanced Journal of Social Science, 2(1), 32–39.
Kenayathulla, H. B., Ghani, M. F. A., & Radzi, N. M. (2024). Enhancing quality appointment, preparation and support system for Malaysian principals. Education Sciences, 14(6), 659.
Khadim, M., Jamil, S., & Rafiq, S. (2023). Emerging trends in curriculum development and evaluation in Pakistan at higher education level: A current perspective of 21st century. Journal of Social & Organizational Matters, 2(1), 1–10.
Khalid, S., & Tadesse, E. (2024). Understanding primary school enrollment in the free education era through large-scale data from Punjab, Pakistan: Roadblocks to meeting the sustainable development goal. Child Indicators Research, 17(2), 753–778.
Khan, A. U., Saboor, A., & Shah, A. H. (2021). Dynamics of multidimensional inequality across different occupations in Pakistan. Social Indicators Research, 153, 93–109.
Khan, H. K. (2020). Conducting narrative studies in Pakistan: Reflections from the field. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 7(1), 177–183.
Khan, T., Khan, I., & Ahmad, A. (2019). A proposed language policy for education in Pakistan. Review of Economics and Development Studies, 5(4), 809–816.
Kleemola, K., Toom, A., Hyytinen, H., Tuononen, T., Karacay, I., Kroezen, T., ... & Alieva, A. (2025). Exploring intersectional inequalities in students' sense of belonging in education across educational pathways and across educational contexts. Frontiers in Education, 10, 1502115.
Kockelkoren, A., Rahmah, A., Pangestu, M. R. D., Sawitri, E., Widyastuti, E. S. A., Astiti, N. L. E. P., ... & Van Reeuwijk, M. (2023). How can civil society organizations contribute to the scale-up of comprehensive sexuality education? Presentation of a scaling framework illustrated with examples from Indonesia. Reproductive Health, 20(1), 186.
Kunhi, Z., Vidovich, L., & O'Donoghue, T. (2020). Meta-analysis along the policy trajectory and discussion. In Twenty-first Century Curriculum Policy: Insights from Australia and Implications Globally (pp. 141–171). Springer.
Latif, A. (2009). A critical analysis of school enrollment and literacy rates of girls and women in Pakistan. Educational Studies, 45(5), 424–439.
Lieu, J., Spyridaki, N. A., Alvarez-Tinoco, R., Van der Gaast, W., Tuerk, A., & Van Vliet, O. (2018). Evaluating consistency in environmental policy mixes through policy, stakeholder, and contextual interactions. Sustainability, 10(6), 1896. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10061896
Liu, H., Ding, Y., Tang, H., Du, Y., Zhang, D., Tang, Y., & Liu, C. (2021). Electrocatalytic deep dehalogenation of florfenicol using Fe-doped CoP nanotubes array for blocking resistance gene expression and microbial inhibition during biochemical treatment. Water Research, 201, 117361.
Liu, X., & Dijk, M. (2022). The role of data in sustainability assessment of urban mobility policies. Data & Policy, 4, e2.
Mittal, V., & Jung, J. (2024). Revitalizing educational institutions through customer focus. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 52(5), 1323–1342.
Muhammad, Y., Waqar, Y., & Anis, F. (2024). Constructing disability and special education: A critical discourse analysis of the Punjab Special Education Policy 2020. International Journal of Social Science & Entrepreneurship, 4(2), 400–416.
Munir, A. J., & Zaidi, Z. H. (2023). Institutionalizing civic engagement through skilled civic education: A critical analysis of youth development and education policies in Punjab Pakistan. Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies, 9(4), 527–538.
Nabi, M., & Nazir, H. (2020). A critical analysis of educational policies of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 2, 1–9.
Naidoo, J., & Singh-Pillay, A. (2025). Social justice implications of digital science, technology, engineering and mathematics pedagogy: Exploring a South African blended higher education context. Education and Information Technologies, 30(1), 131–157.
Nawaz, H. S., Fazil, H., & Ahmad, N. (2021). Policies and practices of Punjab government towards inclusive education: From the lens of senior special education teachers. JIE, 5(1).
Nega, D. T., Ancha, V. R., Manenti, F., & Adeel, Z. (2024). A comprehensive policy framework for unlocking the potential of water hyacinth in Ethiopia’s circular bioeconomy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 435, 140509.
Nkansah, J. O., & Oldac, Y. I. (2024). Unraveling the attributions of digital literacy skills and knowledge gap in Ghana’s higher education: Undergraduate students voices in a phenomenological study. Education and Information Technologies, 29(12), 15249–15268.
Noor, A., Tahir, M. S., & Zahra, M. (2024). Evaluating the impact of higher education policies on academic performance and institutional growth in Pakistan. Social Sciences Spectrum, 3(4), 425–434. https://doi.org/10.71085/sss.03.04.188
Perveen, S. (2011). Evaluation of curriculum at the primary level in light of education policies and plans in Pakistan. Journal of College Teaching & Learning (TLC), 8(3), [Page Range].
Perveen, U., & Farrukh, I. A. (2018). A study of the declining status of teacher education in Pakistan. NICE Research Journal, [Issue], 56–62.
Purewal, N., & Hashmi, N. (2015). Between returns and respectability: Parental attitudes towards girls’ education in rural Punjab, Pakistan. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 36(7), 977–995.
Qutoshi, S. B., Jabeen, Z., & Angaiz, D. (2019). The paradoxes: Politics of inequity-policies for higher education in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 1, 9–17.
Ramirez-Mendoza, R. A., Morales-Menendez, R., Melchor-Martinez, E. M., Iqbal, H. M., Parra-Arroyo, L., Vargas-Martínez, A., & Parra-Saldivar, R. (2020). Incorporating the sustainable development goals in engineering education. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM), 14, 739–745.
Ramsay-Jordan, N. N. (2020). Hidden figures: How pecuniary influences help shape STEM experiences for Black students in grades K-12. Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy, 3(3), 180–194.
Rashid, M., Fatima, M., Azmat, M., & Mahmood, T. (2025). Early childhood education in Punjab, Pakistan: Navigating challenges and exploring solutions–A narrative review. The Critical Review of Social Sciences Studies, 3(1), 2214–2228.
Raza, H., Mahmood, Q. K., & Jalil, A. (2019). Teaching and learning environment as predictor of nurturing education capabilities among students in Lahore, Pakistan. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 29(5), 661–671.
Rehman, N., Andleeb, I., & Iqbal, M. (2023). Unraveling the gender gap: A comparative analysis of school enrollment and secondary education completion in Pakistan's provinces. Journal of Research in Educational Sciences, 14(16), 26–39.
Rizvi, N. F., & Khamis, A. (2020). Review of DFID and USAID initiatives for the development of teacher education in Pakistan. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 50(8), 1210–1221.
Rizwan, S., & Sohail, F. (2024). Skill-based education in an industrial city of Pakistan. VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences, 12(2), 1–10.
Safdar, S., Basit, I., & Anis, F. (2024). Mapping the landscape of inclusion: A multidimensional conceptual framework for inclusive education in Pakistan. The Critical Review of Social Sciences Studies, 2(2), 527–529.
Salas-Velasco, M., Moreno-Herrero, D., & Sánchez-Campillo, J. (2021). Positive geographical spillovers of human capital on student learning outcomes. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 14, 415–443.
Sanogo, N. D. A., Fantaye, A. W., & Yaya, S. (2019). Universal health coverage and facilitation of equitable access to care in Africa. Frontiers in Public Health, 7, 102.
Shahid, S., Qureshi, N., & Saleem, A. (2021). Efforts of government on non-formal education in 21st century: Content analysis of national education policies of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Educational Research, 4(4), [Page Range].
Sher, G. A., Khan, Z., & Khan, A. N. (2024). The implementation of single national curriculum in Punjab: Teachers' perspectives by experience and qualification. Journal of Social Sciences Development, 3(4), 1–10.
Siddiqui, N., & Shaukat, S. (2021). Teacher mobility in Punjab, Pakistan: Stayers and movers within the public and private schools. Education Sciences, 11(7), 358.
Stickl Haugen, J., Sutter, C. C., Tinstman Jones, J. L., & Campbell, L. O. (2020). School district anti-bullying policies: A state-wide content analysis. International Journal of Bullying Prevention, 2(4), 309–323.
Sun, C., Zhao, X., & Chen, N. (2025). Educational expansion and economic development: Do they necessarily promote gender employment equity? Evidence from job satisfaction in Chinese universities. Applied Economics, [Online First], 1–16.
Tang, K. (2024). Climate change education in Indonesia’s formal education: A policy analysis. npj Climate Action, 3(1), 57.
Tariq, A., Iqbal, M. W., & Hafeez, H. (2023). Interactive learning interfaces to enhance student engagement and performance in the government education sector of higher schools of Punjab. Journal of Public Policy Practitioners, 2(1), 126–148.
Uleanya, C. (2023). Reconceptualising disabilities and inclusivity for the postdigital era: Recommendations to educational leaders. Education Sciences, 13(1), 51.
Ur Rehman, S., & Huma, A. (2024). Governance practices at higher education in Punjab and Sindh to achieve the goals of higher education policies. Journal of Asian Development Studies, 13(4), 506–520.
Vishal, V., Chandra, D., Singh, U., & Verma, Y. (2021). Understanding initial opportunities and key challenges for CCUS deployment in India at scale. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 175, 105829.
Waqar, Y., Rashid, S., Anis, F., & Muhammad, Y. (2024). Digital divide & inclusive education: Examining how unequal access to technology affects educational inclusivity in urban versus rural Pakistan. Journal of Social & Organizational Matters, 3(3), 1–13.
Watson, D., & Khan, A. Q. (2010). Capacity development for education service delivery in Pakistan: Top-down devolution. Public Administration and Development: The International Journal of Management Research and Practice, 30(1), 11–26.
Wollscheid, S., Tømte, C. E., Egeberg, G. C., Karlstrøm, H., & Fossum, L. W. (2025). Research trends on digital school leadership over time: Science mapping and content analysis. Education and Information Technologies, 30(1), 747–778.
Wu, J., Luo, K., Wang, Y., & Wang, Z. (2021). Urban road greenbelt configuration: The perspective of PM2.5 removal and air quality regulation. Environment International, 157, 106786.
Zhang, Y., Ma, W., Xiao, M., & Li, Z. (2024). Assessing teachers’ technology leadership in higher education: The application of ISTE standards in China. Education and Information Technologies, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12998-0
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Syeda Tehmina Bukhari , Muhammad Rafiq-uz-Zaman, Sumera Bano

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The work is concurrently licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, which permits others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the authorship and the work's original publication in this journal, while the authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication.