Legal, Institutional, and Technological Development in Forensic Science in Pakistan

Abstract

This research paper critically examines the legal, institutional, and technological development of forensic science within Pakistan's criminal justice system. Employing a qualitative thematic analysis methodology, the study draws upon semi-structured interviews with fingerprint examiners and forensic practitioners from major forensic institutions, including the Punjab Forensic Science Agency (PFSA), the National Forensic Science Agency (NFSA), and regional laboratories in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The findings reveal that while Pakistan has established a foundational legal framework, primarily through the Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984, and the Punjab Forensic Science Agency Act, significant gaps persist in standardization, judicial training, and the absence of a cohesive national forensic policy. Institutionally, specialized forensic agencies have enhanced the reliability of scientific evidence through DNA profiling, fingerprint analysis, and digital forensics; however, uneven resource distribution, inadequate coordination between police and forensic experts, and infrastructural disparities across provinces undermine systemic efficiency. Technologically, the adoption of Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) and biometric tools marks progress, yet the integration of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence remains nascent due to financial constraints and skill shortages. Additionally, resource limitations, insufficient training programs, and limited career development opportunities hinder workforce capacity. The study concludes that while forensic science in Pakistan has evolved considerably, realizing its full potential requires comprehensive policy reforms, equitable resource allocation, enhanced inter-institutional coordination, strategic investment in AI and digital forensics, and sustained commitment to professional training and academic development. These measures are essential to strengthen evidentiary reliability, reduce wrongful convictions, and uphold the rule of law.

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