Beyond Roads and Ports: CPEC, State Capacity, and the Political Economy of Development

Abstract

This study examined the relationship between the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), state capacity, and the political economy of development in Pakistan. The research aimed to explore how large-scale infrastructure initiatives influenced governance structures, economic opportunities, and regional development patterns. A qualitative and descriptive research design was adopted, and data were analysed through descriptive statistical methods to evaluate key development indicators associated with CPEC implementation. The findings indicated that infrastructure development represented the most significant perceived outcome of the corridor initiative, recording the highest mean value (M = 4.18, SD = 0.67). Economic growth opportunities and trade connectivity also showed strong positive perceptions among respondents (M = 4.12, SD = 0.69), suggesting that improved logistics networks and industrial investments contributed to enhanced economic activity. Institutional capacity strengthening recorded a mean value of 4.07 (SD = 0.72), reflecting improvements in administrative coordination and strategic planning mechanisms related to development management. Regional infrastructure accessibility also demonstrated positive outcomes (M = 4.08, SD = 0.70), although slightly lower values for rural development (M = 3.96) and social development opportunities (M = 3.98) indicated concerns regarding the equitable distribution of development benefits. The findings suggested that CPEC functioned not only as a physical infrastructure initiative but also as an institutional and economic transformation framework that influenced governance systems and development planning in Pakistan. The study concluded that strengthening governance transparency, promoting inclusive regional development, and enhancing institutional capacity would be essential for maximizing the long-term developmental benefits of CPEC.

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