Strategic Counter Measures to Terrorism and Extremism in Pakistan and Insights from Home Land Security

A Need for the Enactment of Pakistan's National Counter Terrorism Department

Abstract

This research scrutinizes the challenges faced by Pakistan's law enforcement agencies in effectively countering the escalating threats of terrorism and extremism. It identifies both the manifestations and root causes of these challenges, underscoring the imperative need for a refined legislative framework. This article proposes the enactment of a "National Counter Terrorism Department Act" designed to enhance the nation's control mechanisms, curtail the surge of extremist tendencies, and uphold the rule of law. Drawing from a comparative analysis of various enforcement strategies in Pakistan, this paper suggests that the existing "National Counter Terrorism Authority Act, 2013" requires legislative intervention. While it lays down comprehensive guidelines, its operational efficiency is marred by the absence of a singular unified department, inadequate service structures, and constrained powers. By assimilating insights from the Department of Homeland Security with its mandate vis-à-vis model organizational websites, books, journals, acts of various law enforcement agencies, scholarly articles and newspaper articles, the paper underlines the ineffectiveness of the National Counter Terrorism Authority Act, 2013, in its current form. It has been recommended that the envisioned "National Counter Terrorism Department Act" would not only bolster Pakistan's counterterrorism capabilities, but it will also ensure a standardized, cohesive approach nationwide.

References

Abrahamsen, R., & Leander, A. (Eds.). (2016). Routledge handbook of private security studies. London: Routledge.

Afridi, S. A. (2018). Pakistan Counterinsurgency Doctrine and Practice in Swat (2007-2015) (Doctoral dissertation, University of Peshawar, Peshawar.).

Afzal, M. (2021). Terrorism in Pakistan has declined, but the underlying roots of extremism remain.

Afzal, S., Iqbal, H., & Inayay, M. (2012). Terrorism and extremism as a non-traditional security threat post 9/11: Implications for Pakistan's security. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(24), 194-203.

Ahmed, S. S. (2020). The Role of Pakistan Against Counter Terrorism. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS), 65(1), 66-81.

Ahmed, I. The Federal Investigation Agency.

Babakheil, M. A., A National CTD? Dawn, February 20^th, 2023.

Biscop, S., & Whitman, R. G. (Eds.). (2013). The Routledge handbook of European security. London: Routledge.

Khan, Z. U. (1986). The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and Its Impact on Pakistan. International Essays I, 1, 121.

Burgess, J. P. (Ed.). (2010). Handbook of new security studies. Routledge.

Carpenter, W. M., & Wiencek, D. G. (2005). Asian security handbook: Terrorism and the new security environment. Me sharpe.

Cavelty, M. D., Fischer, S. C., & Balzacq, T. (2016). ‘Killer Robots' and Preventive Arms Control. In Routledge Handbook of Security Studies (pp. 457-468). Routledge.

Government of Pakistan, 1974, Federal Investigation Agency Act, 1974, Act 1974 (VIII of 1975).

Government of Pakistan, 2013, National Counter Terrorism Authority Act, 2013, Section 4.

Government of Pakistan, 1997, The Anti-Terrorism Act, 1997.

Homeland Security Act, 2002.

Habib, A., & US Army School for Advanced Military Studies Fort Leavenworth United States. (2018). Counter narrative: the missing link in Pakistan's counter-terrorism strategy. US Army School for Advanced Military Studies Fort Leavenworth United States.

Hough, P., Malik, S., Moran, A., & Pilbeam, B. (2015). International security studies. Taylor & Francis.

Hussain, N. (2021). A National Security Policy for Pakistan. Strategic Thought, 3, 12-24.

Imran, M., & Idrees, R. Q. (2020). Anti Terrorism Legal Framework in Pakistan and Challenges before the Criminal Justice System. Pakistan Journal of International Affairs, 3(2).

Jackson, R. (Ed.). (2016). Routledge handbook of critical terrorism studies (p. 20). Abingdon: Routledge.

Jägerskog, A., Schulz, M., & Swain, A. (Eds.). (2019). Routledge handbook on Middle East security. Routledge.

Jawad, A. (2022). An evaluation of Anti-Terrorism laws in Pakistan: Lessons from the past and challenges for the future. Security and Defence Quarterly, 38(2), 16-30.

Kamal, M., & Khalid, I. (2015). The Homeland Security Initiatives for Pakistan: A Grand Strategy. South Asian Studies, 30(01), 15-36.

Khan, Z. A. (2011). Military operations in FATA and PATA. Strategic Studies, 31, 129-146.

Kiran, M. A. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF HOMELAND SECURITY: A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN.

Mahmood, M. T. (2020). The Role of the Judicial System and Law Enforcement Agencies in Combating Terrorism in Pakistan (Doctoral dissertation, University of Buckingham).

Lodhi, M. (2002). Rethinking Security Challenges: A Pakistani Perspective Ambassador of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan to the United States, Spring 2002.

Malik, S. (2018). Security Sector Reforms in Pakistan: Significance, Challenges and Impediments. Strategic Studies, 38(3), 1–21.

Masys, A. J. (Ed.). (2022). Handbook of Security Science. Springer Nature.

Peoples, C., & Vaughan-Williams, N. (2020). Critical security studies: An introduction. Routledge.

Peptan, C. (2019). Terrorism-Security threat in the context of globalization. Analele Universitatii “Constantin Brancusi” din Targu Jiu–Seria Litere si Stiinte Sociale, (01), 126-142.

Petzschmann, P. (2010). Pakistan’s police between centralization and devolution.

Rumi, R. (2015). Charting Pakistan's internal security policy. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Robinson, P., Seib, P., & Frohlich, R. (Eds.). (2016). Routledge handbook of media, conflict and security. Taylor & Francis.

Rosand, E., Millar, A., Ipe, J., & Healey, M. (2022). UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and Regional and Subregional Bodies: Strengthening a Critical Partnership. Global Center on Cooperative Security.

Seiple, C., Hoover, D., & Otis, P. (Eds.). (2013). The Routledge handbook of religion and security (p. 168). Oxford: Routledge.

Shafi, M., & Dinakhel, M. A. (2022). National Security Policy of Pakistan (2022-2026): Introduction and Impact on Political Landscape of Pakistan. Al-Azhār, 8(02), 31-41.

Soeters, J., Shields, P. M., & Rietjens, S. J. (Eds.). (2014). Routledge handbook of research methods in military studies. London: Routledge.

Sultan, N., Mohamed, N., Bashir, M. A., & Bashir, M. F. (2022). The anti‐money laundering and counter financing of terrorism policy in Pakistan: is it truly combating or just a high‐level desk work bureaucracy?. Journal of Public Affairs, 22(4), e2731.

Virk, S. K. (2022). National Internal Security Policy: An Assessment. Journal of Public Policy Practitioners, 1(2), 49-78.

Ullah, F., Ibrar, M., & Shaikh, S. (2019). STRATEGIES FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT BODIES TO COMBAT TERRORISM IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN. New Horizons (1992-4399), 13(2).

Williams, J. (2021). Locating LAWS: Lethal Autonomous Weapons, Epistemic Space, and “Meaningful Human” Control. Journal of Global Security Studies, 6(4), ogab015.